Under the disused doctrine of coverture, women in common-law countries had their rights largely subsumed by those of their husbands. As a result, a married woman, though an inventor, could only apply for and receive a patent if her husband was the patentee. Thankfully, this is no longer the case as coverture was gradually eroded.

King George I awarded the patent to Thomas Masters in 1715 but named Sybilla as a contributor to the invention in the grant. On the couple's return to Pennsylvania, Thomas insisted upon having the British patents reissued locally under his wife's name as the state had begun accepting applications. Though straw hats quickly fell out of fashion, the cornmeal Sybilla and Thomas Masters produced with her inventions came to be known as grits, an enduring staple of cuisine in the southeastern region of the United States.

Other women of the 1800s and early 1900s who made even greater scientific contributions either could not or deliberately did not try to secure IP rights. Ada Lovelace was barely recognized for theorizing computer code alongside Charles Babbage until long after her untimely death in 1852. Meanwhile, Marie Curie won two Nobel Prizes for researching radioactive elements – even coining the term "radioactivity" – but never sought patents despite sacrificing her health for her endeavors.

The pace of change

Before 1860, women inventors had only been granted 52 patents by U.S. patent authorities; approximately 30 years later, that figure had reached around 3,000, per research from the University of Houston. That exponential growth is significant, expanding about 58 times. But, jump ahead over 100 years, and the disparity is still great. According to the WIPO's 2023 report, "The Global Gender Gap in Innovation and Creativity":

• Of the 3.68 million international patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) system between 1999 and 2020, women represented only 13 percent of that total (approximately 479,338 applications).
• If current trends were to continue, it would take 38 years for worldwide patent filings to reach a point of gender parity (projected for 2061).

Of course, these figures are only a very broad indicator of patenting activities and the inventors involved. The research fails to consider vocational preferences and other variables that could affect women's professional and academic choices.

The data is more difficult to quantify with trademarks since businesses and other organizational entities file most trademark applications. However, a 2021 report by the University of North Carolina School of Law, "An Empirical Study of Gender and Race in Trademark Prosecution," found that the percentage of domestic, individual female applicants at the USPTO rose from 23.9 percent in 1986 to 32.1 percent in 2018.

When it comes to registered copyrights, women in the United States are most strongly represented in the visual arts, including photography and mixed media, closely approaching a 50% share. At the other end of the spectrum, women only own 11-13% of copyrights for architectural drawings and models.

Staying on the expressive side of IP, a special report by the United States Copyright Office assessed that, in 2020, over 38.5 percent of all copyright registrations were granted to women, compared to 27.9 percent in 1978, the effective date of the current Copyright Act.

Looking at such studies, it is clear that the rate of change is accelerating, with scientific and technological development over the last decades quickening frantically. Blunt-force economic necessity will require and incentivize bringing on more innovators faster than ever. And, at a certain point, the realities of the commercial and professional marketplaces – that is to say, the drive toward ever greater levels of production and improvement – will chip away at remaining biases.

At the supply side of this skills-based economy, women are increasingly focusing their educational paths on fields in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). According to a report by the Pew Research Center, 53 percent of all STEM degrees in the United States in 2018 went to women, with a notable focus on health-related courses. This movement toward the hard sciences will take time to manifest in the workforce, but it is a welcome sign for women's participation in the IP world.

Encouraging women's innovation

The economic benefits of empowering female entrepreneurs are clear-cut, but there are also important social and cultural aspects to consider. This could include providing access to training and resources that promote positive values, such as gender equality, diversity and equal rights. It could also involve initiatives that raise awareness around issues facing women entrepreneurs, such as the wage gap or lack of visibility in the business world. Of course, it is the duty of the entire IP industry to pursue and protect the IP rights of all, regardless of gender.

Women tend to make fewer trademark applications than men, but they are more successful in their endeavors on average. The IP system at large is concerned with the quality of filings, and if women innovators have demonstrated one thing over recent decades, it is that they do not compromise on quality.

As a part of the year's World IP Day, the WIPO is hosting a gallery of "change makers," a selection of women nominated for a chance to participate in WIPO training programs. Many are inventors or entrepreneurs; some are IP professionals working in law, health, engineering and various other fields. They come from a wide range of countries — Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Germany, Romania, Cameroon, the Philippines and the United States, to name just a few — and from all walks of life. Read any of their profiles, and we challenge you not to be inspired.

At Dennemeyer, we recognize women's invaluable contribution to building and running the IP system we all benefit from today, upholding their access to IP rights and celebrating their success in exercising those rights. Whether you wish to pursue a career in IP or seek to protect your intangible assets, we are here to help women the world over.